Understanding Patriarchy: A Psychological Perspective
Kineshia Fievel Lassa, Volunteer - EngagePolitica
Introduction
Patriarchy, a system where men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property, has been a pervasive structure in many societies throughout history. Although its presence has receded due to various socio-political movements, it remains a significant issue, influencing both men and women psychologically and socially.
Historical Context and Definition
The term "patriarchy" often signifies the oppression of women through male dominance. Historical literature and feminist movements have been instrumental in unpacking its complexities. Max Weber described patriarchy as a system where men dominate women and subordinate men within households, highlighting a relationship based on domination. However, critics argue that this definition is too narrow, lacking in intersectionality and the multifaceted nature of modern patriarchy.
Psychological Impact on Women
Historically, patriarchal societies have often dismissed or pathologized women's experiences and emotions. For instance, conditions like "hysteria," which derived its name from the Latin term for "uterus," were used to diagnose women with various mental health issues, leading to treatments such as lobotomies and incarceration in asylums. These practices were often rooted in misogyny and a fundamental misunderstanding of women's mental health needs.
Phyllis Chesler's 1972 book, "Women and Madness," argues that women have been disproportionately represented in mental patient populations due to patriarchal biases. The overwhelming male dominance in psychiatry has meant that patriarchal stereotypes about gender roles have shaped how mental health issues are understood and treated.
Global Variations and Ongoing Issues
While feminist movements and sexual revolutions in the Western world have somewhat reduced the gender gap, patriarchal norms remain deeply entrenched in many non-Western societies. For instance, in parts of Southeast Asia, women continue to face violence and discrimination. In India, girls are often treated as secondary to boys, affecting their access to education, healthcare, and overall opportunities.
Patriarchy and Mental Health
The rigid gender norms perpetuated by patriarchy enforce a narrow set of acceptable behaviors for men and women, leading to trauma and alienation for those who do not conform. This includes members of the LGBTQIA+ community, who often face harassment and violence. Social media has exacerbated these issues by perpetuating gender stereotypes and facilitating environments where sexual predators thrive.
Patriarchy also impacts men's mental health. Men face societal pressures to conform to ideals of masculinity, which discourage emotional expression and encourage aggression. This often leads to suppressed emotions, increased stress, and risky behaviors, contributing to a shorter lifespan and difficulties in forming healthy relationships.
Conclusion
Patriarchy, despite its slow recession, remains a powerful force influencing psychological well-being across genders. Understanding its deep roots and multifaceted impact is crucial for addressing the mental health issues it perpetuates. Moving towards a more equitable society requires continued efforts to dismantle patriarchal structures and promote gender equality in all aspects of life.
About the author
Kineshia is a student from Indonesia with a passion for psychology, art, and literature. She aspires to have a career in the field of psychology or psychiatry.
References
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